Evaluación de las ingestas dietéticas y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses en una localidad del noreste argentino / Assessment of dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6­23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina

Introducción. Una alimentación complementaria adecuada en cantidad y calidad resulta esencial durante los primeros dos años de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses de una localidad del noreste argentino. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal (segundo semestre del 2019). Se evaluaron las ingestas de 24 horas mediante recordatorios a los cuidadores de niños de 6 a 23 meses. Los datos se compararon con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia. Las prácticas alimentarias se evaluaron según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se evaluaron 138 niños de 6 a 23 meses de edad. La energía y las vitaminas A, D y E presentaron porcentajes medios de adecuación inferiores al 100 % en todas las edades, mientras que las proteínas alcanzaron una adecuación promedio del 142,8 % y el 168,1 % para los niños de 7-12 meses y de 13-23 meses, respectivamente. Los nutrientes que presentaron una proporción considerable de casos con ingestas por debajo del requerimiento promedio estimado en todos los grupos fueron la energía y la vitamina A. En cuanto a los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias, 50,8 % de los lactantes recibió una dieta mínima aceptable. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de inadecuación energética y de nutrientes críticos durante la alimentación complementaria en los niños de 6 a 23 meses incluidos en el estudio. Intervenciones nutricionales que promuevan prácticas alimentarias que mejoren la ingesta de micronutrientes serían de suma importancia para su salud actual y futura.

Introduction. An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6­23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. Population and methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 6­23 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators. Results. A total of 138 children aged 6­23 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 6­23 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health.

Perfil alimentar de transplantados cardíacos de um centro transplantador brasileiro - Atuação da enfermagem neste cenário / Perfil alimentario de los trasplantes de corazón en un centro de trasplante brasileño - Desempeño de la enfermería en este escenario / Food profile of heart transplants in a brazilian transplantation center - Nursing performance in this scenario

Objetivo- Descrever o perfil alimentar de pacientes pós transplante cardíaco (TC) tardio de um centro transplantador brasileiro. Método- Estudo observacional transversal com delineamento descritivo. O estudo ocorreu em uma instituição de ensino público de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de 2017 a 2019. Resultados-. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 62 indivíduos transplantados entre os anos de 2006 a 2016. Aproximadamente 63% era do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 46,53 anos. O consumo de carboidratos e gorduras foi adequado em 46,77% e 59,68% da amostra, respectivamente. Já o consumo de proteínas foi acima do recomendado em 77,42% e o consumo de fibras abaixo do recomendado em 79,03%. Conclusão- Houve a predominância do sexo masculino. Os indivíduos apresentaram um consumo adequado somente de carboidratos e gorduras. Não houve na literatura estudos descrevendo a atuação do enfermeiro no processo de nutrição neste cenário(AU)

Objective- To describe the dietary profile of patients after late heart transplantation (HT) from a Brazilian transplant center. Method- Cross-sectional observational study with descriptive design. The study took place in a public education institution in Minas Gerais. Data collection took place from 2017 to 2019. Results-. The study sample consisted of 62 individuals transplanted between 2006 and 2016. Approximately 63% were male. The mean age was 46.53 years. The consumption of carbohydrates and fats was adequate in 46.77% and 59.68% of the sample, respectively. The consumption of proteins was above the recommended in 77.42% and the consumption of fibers below the recommended in 79.03%. Conclusion- There was a predominance of males. The individuals presented an adequate consumption of only carbohydrates and fats. There were no studies in the literature describing the role of nurses in the nutrition process in this scenario(AU)

Objetivo- Describir el perfil dietético de pacientes después de un trasplante cardíaco (TC) tardío de un centro de trasplante brasileño. Método- Estudio observacional transversal con diseño descriptivo. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una institución de educación pública en Minas Gerais. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo de 2017 a 2019. Resultados-. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por 62 individuos trasplantados entre 2006 y 2016. Aproximadamente el 63% eran hombres. La edad media fue de 46,53 años. El consumo de carbohidratos y grasas fue adecuado en el 46,77% y 59,68% de la muestra, respectivamente. El consumo de proteína estuvo por encima del nivel recomendado en un 77,42% y el consumo de fibra por debajo del nivel recomendado en un 79,03%. Conclusión- Hubo predominio del sexo masculino. Los individuos presentaron un consumo adecuado de solo carbohidratos y grasas. No hubo estudios en la literatura que describieran el papel del enfermero en el proceso de nutrición en este escenario.(AU)

Efectividad de las sesiones demostrativas para mejorar el conocimiento en la prevención de la anemia en gestantes, madres lactantes De niños menores de 3 años. Centro de salud Aparicio Pomares. Huánuco ­ perú / Effectiveness of demonstration sessions to improve knowledge in the prevention of anemia in pregnant women, nursing mothers of children under 3 years. Aparicio pomares health center. Huánuco ­ Peru

El problema de la anemia está muy relacionado a los índices de pobreza, falta de cuidado de la salud y educación de la población, pero principalmente a la falta de conocimientos sobre alimentación y nutrición infantil por parte de las madres. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de las sesiones demostrativas para mejorar el conocimiento en la prevención de la anemia en gestantes, madres lactantes de niños menores de 3 años. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo experimental, descriptivo y de nivel observacional, explicativo y analítico. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 200 gestantes, obteniendo una muestra de 30 gestantes y 20 madres lactantes de niños menores de 3 años, haciendo un total de 50 pacientes, se utilizó el cuestionario para la recolección de datos, aplicado en dos momentos; antes y después de las sesiones demostrativas, con la finalidad de comparar los resultados. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento teórico de las madres, luego de la aplicación de las sesiones demostrativas se incrementó su nivel a un conocimiento alto. Respecto a los conocimientos prácticos luego de la aplicación de las sesiones, se logró un conocimiento alto. Conclusiones: La técnica de sesiones demostrativas en el incremento de conocimientos es efectiva(AU)

The problem of anemia is closely related to the rates of poverty, lack of care of the health and education of the population, but mainly to the lack of knowledge about food and infant nutrition by mothers. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the demonstration sessions to improve knowledge in the prevention of anemia in pregnant women, nursing mothers of minor children 3 years old Materials and methods: The study was of type, experimental, descriptive and observational level, explanatory and analytical. The study population consisted of 200 pregnant women, obtaining a sample of 30 pregnant women and 20 lactating mothers of children under 3 years of age, making a total of 50 patients, the questionnaire was used for data collection, applied in two moments; before and after demonstration sessions, in order to compare the results. Results: The level of theoretical knowledge of the mothers, after the application of the demonstrative sessions their level to high knowledge. Regarding the practical knowledge after the application of the sessions, high knowledge was achieved. Conclusions: The technique of demonstrative sessions in the increase of knowledge is effective(AU)

Lactancia materna en épocas de covid-19 / Breastfeeding in times of covid-19

La lactancia materna provee del aporte nutricional perfecto por su composición única en la naturaleza como alimento adecuado para el lactante. Recientes estudios avalan que su consumo es sano y seguro en estados de crisis y emergencia mundial, y es recomendada por diversos organismos internacionales en materia de salud como estrategia alimentaria para reducir la mortalidad infantil en especial ante la situación de pandemia impuesta por el COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de lactancia materna en épocas del covid-19. Materiales y Métodos: Consiste en un estudio del tipo descriptivo con recopilación de información de manera sistematizada, con atención a lo relevante y actualizado en la web y publicaciones e investigaciones disponibles en línea. Resultados: La lactancia materna como proceso fisiológico puede salvar vidas infantiles y mejorar la salud, el desarrollo social y económico de individuos, y de las naciones donde habitan en especial en situaciones de emergencia como la impuesta por la pandemia del COVID-19, donde se genera una necesidad de promoverla como estrategia de alcance en materia de salud pública, prevenir infecciones y fortalecer el sistema inmunitario de los individuos infantes a nivel general. Conclusiones: Las precauciones estimadas para una lactancia materna segura constituyen uso de mascarillas y buenas prácticas de higiene antes, durante y posterior al amamantamiento. No se ha detectado la transmisión del COVID-19 a través de la leche materna o la lactancia, por lo que se recomienda su práctica bajo las medidas de bioseguridad correspondientes(AU)

Breastfeeding provides the perfect nutritional contribution due to its unique composition in nature as the perfect food for infants. recent studies support that its consumption is healthy and safe in states of crisis and emergency worldwide, and is recommended by various international health organizations as a food strategy to reduce infant mortality, especially in the face of the pandemic imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To describe the breastfeeding process maternal in times of covid-19. Materials and Methods: It consists of a study of the type descriptive with information gathering in a systematic way, paying attention to what relevant and up-to-date on the web and publications and research available online. Results: Breastfeeding as a physiological process can save infant lives and improve the health, social and economic development of individuals and nations where They live especially in emergency situations such as the one imposed by the pandemic of the COVID-19, where there is a need to promote it as an outreach strategy in public health, prevent infections and strengthen the immune system of infant individuals at a general level. Conclusions: The estimated precautions for a safe breastfeeding constitute the use of masks and good hygiene practices before, during and after breastfeeding. No transmission detected COVID-19 through breast milk or breastfeeding, so its practice is recommended under the corresponding biosecurity measures(AU)

Situación nutricional entre los percentiles ecuatorianos y la OMS en adolescentes del 12 años / Nutritional situation between ecuadorian and who percentile in 12-year-old adolescents

Se trata de la recopilación de información sobre estudios que reflejan la situación nutricional en Ecuador, y las comparaciones entre los percentiles ecuatorianos y los que sugiere la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Estudios refieren que este tipo de comparación difiere de las realidades de un país pues presenta diferente ubicación geográfica y por sus rasgos culturales, que difieren ancestralmente se presentan divergencias entre la alimentación, estilos de vida, bases socioeconómicas, rasgos antropométricos y otras variables que influyen y que han obligado a crear sus propios estándares de comparaciones. Objetivo: Describir la situación nutricional entre los percentiles ecuatorianos y la OMS en adolescentes de 12 años. Materiales y método: Es del tipo cualitativa, descriptiva, donde se recopila información relevante vinculada al descriptor en estudio, por eso la modalidad es tipo documental y descriptiva, transversal y observacional porque se le y observa información relevante de momento y se describe y señalan procedimientos como modelos para otras investigaciones. Resultados: Ecuador como país latinoamericano refleja una situación alimentaria y nutricional de amplio potencial productivo, de grandes oportunidades y capacidades socioeconómicas, necesarios para dar respuestas a las exigencias nutricionales de su población. Sin embargo, la información sobre el estado nutricional de la población infantil refleja el desarrollo del país, con una reducción significativa de la prevalencia de retardo de crecimiento, que prevalecen mucho más en grupos indígenas, por problemas sociales: mortalidad infantil, pobreza, indigencia y analfabetismo. Conclusiones: Estimar valores de desnutrición y sobrepeso a través de comparaciones por los percentiles internacionales (WHO) y los de Estados Unidos no reflejan la realidad de una población que difiere en todo con la de esos estándares comparativos. Por ello el esfuerzo de estudios por crear sus propios estándares nacionales es loable y muestra las realidades de una población(AU)

This is the collection of information on studies that reflect the nutritional situation in Ecuador, and comparisons between Ecuadorian percentiles and those suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Studies report that this type of comparison differs from the realities of a country because it has different geographical location and its cultural features, which differ ancestrally, there are divergences between food, lifestyles, socioeconomic bases, anthropometric traits and other variables that influence and that have forced to create their own standards of comparisons. Objective: To describe the nutritional situation between the Ecuadorian and WHO percentiles in 12-year-old adolescents Materials and methods: It is of the qualitative, descriptive type, where relevant information linked to the descriptor in study is collected, so the modality is documentary and descriptive, transversal and observational because relevant information is observed at the moment and procedures are described and indicated as models for another research. Results: Ecuador as a Latin American country reflects a food and nutritional situation with ample productive potential, great opportunities and socioeconomic capacities, necessary to respond to the nutritional demands of its population. However, information on the nutritional status of the child population reflects the development of the country, with a significant reduction in the prevalence of growth retardation, which is much more prevalent in indigenous groups, due to social problems: infant mortality, poverty, indigence and illiteracy. Conclusions: Estimating values of malnutrition and overweight through comparisons by the international percentiles (WHO) and those of the United States do not reflect the reality of a population that differs in everything with that of these comparative standards. That is why the effort of studies to create their own national standards is laudable and shows the realities of a population(AU)

Práticas alimentares de trabalhadores de um Restaurante Cidadão: fatores socioculturais e o ambiente de trabalho / Food practices of workers at a Citizen Restaurant: socio-cultural factors and the work environment

Resumo O estudo objetivou analisar como o ambiente do trabalho de um grupo de trabalhadores de baixa renda configura as práticas alimentares no meio urbano. Foram realizadas dez entrevistas com trabalhadores de uma empresa de prestação de serviços de alimentação para um Restaurante Cidadão. O comer fora de casa prevaleceu e o espaço do trabalho se mostrou como o principal para a realização das refeições. Identificou-se uma desestruturação das práticas alimentares, referente ao horário para realizar a refeição, ao tipo de comida e à divisão do almoço em dois momentos. Aproximadamente uma vez por mês, alguns trabalhadores se cotizavam para comprar ingredientes e elaborar uma preparação por eles mesmos escolhida. Era através da "comida feita por eles e para eles" que se criava uma relação ou se fortalecia a relação já existente. A discussão girou em torno de como determinado espaço social, entrelaçado por forças político-econômicas, necessidades biológicas e sistemas simbólicos, contribui na estruturação das práticas alimentares de determinado grupo social. O trabalho no contexto em que está inserido mostrou uma estreita relação com a modernidade alimentar, contribuindo na modificação da relação entre os seres humanos e sua rotina alimentar.

Abstract The study aimed at analyzing how the work environment of a group of low-income workers sets up eating practices in the urban environment. Ten in-depth interviews were held with workers from a food service company for the Restaurante Cidadão. Eating out was prevalent and the workspace proved to be the main place for meals. A disruption of historically and culturally consolidated eating practices were identified regarding the time and type of food. Once a month, some workers prepare a meal chosen and paid by them. It was through "food made by them and for them" that a relationship was created, or the existing relationship was strengthened. The discussion brings forward how a social space intertwined with political-economic forces, biological needs and symbolic systems structure the eating practices of a social group. The work showed a close relationship between man and his food routine.

Manejo nutricional de pacientes con infección por Covid-19 en la Unidad Técnica de Nutrición del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Nutritional management of patients with Covid-19 infection in the Technical Nutrition Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital

La aparición del coronavirus tipo 2 del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) y su afectación como nuevo Coronavirus de 2019 (Covid-19), ha sido sorprendente por su rápido contagio y progresión de la enfermedad. Todos los grupos etarios pueden ser afectados, pero la población vulnerable es aquella que tiene más de 50 años, inmunosupresión, malnutridos o enfermedades degenerativas no transmisibles como hipertensión, diabetes y enfermedades pulmonares. Aquellos pacientes con múltiples morbilidades se encuentran asociados a procesos de malnutrición y son ellos los que podrían llegar a desarrollar complicaciones por la enfermedad y necesitar de cuidados intensivos1. El correcto manejo del estado nutricional busca prevenir el riesgo de complicaciones relacionadas con el déficit calórico proteico y el aumento de la actividad catabólica; la bibliografía detalla cómo la malnutrición genera compromiso al disminuir la musculatura respiratoria, cardíaca, esquelética y coadyuvar a la falla orgánica. El reto para la nutrición en esta pandemia es poder identificar a la población en riesgo y crear un soporte nutricional adecuado para cada paciente2. Las guías de manejo proporcionan recomendaciones útiles y rápidas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento nutrioterapéutico especializado.

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and its affectation as the new Coronavirus of 2019 (Covid- 19), has been surprising due to its rapid transmission and disease progression. All age groups can be affected, but the vulnerable population is those over 50 years of age, immunosuppression, malnourished or non-communicable degenerative diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and pulmonary diseases. Those patients with multiple morbidities are associated with malnutrition processes and they are the ones who could develop complications due to the disease and require intensive care1. The correct management of nutritional status seeks to prevent the risk of complications related to protein caloric deficit and increased catabolic activity; the literature details how malnutrition generates compromise by decreasing respiratory, cardiac and skeletal muscle and contributing to organ failure. The challenge for nutrition in this pandemic is to identify the population at risk and create adequate nutritional support for each patient2. Management guidelines provide useful and rapid recommendations for diagnosis and specialized nutriotherapeutic treatment.

Perfil nutricional de adultos mayores que asisten a un club de abuelos / Nutritional profile of older adults attending a grandparents club

En este estudio se determinó el perfil nutricional de un grupo de adultos mayores. Métodos: investigación de campo, tipo prospectiva, de corte transversal con enfoque descriptivo. Se evaluó la población de cuarenta (40) adultos mayores que asisten regularmente a las actividades del Club de Abuelos "Juventud Acumulada", Charallave, Estado Miranda, aplicándose un cuestionario estructurado en preguntas abiertas y cerradas para recolectar la información y se tomaron mediciones antropométricas (peso y estatura, áreas grasa y magra). Resultados: edad promedio 68,5±7,6 años, mayor en mujeres; peso y talla 58,7±9,8 kg y 1,63±0,1c m, mayor en hombres; IMC promedio 22,2±3,7 kg/m2, similar en los dos sexos; 20,0% con Déficit, 55,0% Normopeso, 25,05 % Sobrepeso; 42,5% tienen HTA; 10,0%, Diabetes Mellitus 2 o Dislipidemia. Desayuno: 75,0% arepa; 60,0% pan; 50,0% embutidos; 40,0% café con leche; Almuerzo: 72,5% arroz; 55,0% leguminosas; 47,5% pasta; 47,5% tubérculos; 35,0% pescado; Cena: 82,5% arepa; 62,5% pan; 52,5% pasta; 50,0% huevos y tortillas. Adecuación 79,2% en hombres y 98,5% en mujeres; 7,5% fuma y 50,0% consume bebidas alcohólicas; 35,0% practica alguna actividad física Conclusiones: relación talla-peso dentro del rango sugerido en ambos sexos; promedio de área grasa y área muscular adecuado; 20,0% de hombres y 31,2% de mujeres con sobrepeso; las mujeres con mayor riesgo debido a enfermedades crónicas e ingesta calórica por debajo del requerimiento; patrón de consumo evidencia bajo consumo de leche, vegetales y frutas. Se hace necesario la implementación de un programa de intervención nutricional(AU)

In this study the nutritional profile of a group of older adults was determined. Methods: field research, prospective type, cross-sectional with a descriptive approach.The population of forty (40) older adults who regularly attend the activities of the Club de Abuelos "Juventud Acumulada", Charallave, Miranda State, was evaluated, applying a structured questionnaire in open and closed questions to collect the information and anthropometric measurements were taken ( weight and height, fat and lean areas). Results: mean age 68,5 ± 7,6 years, older in women; weight and height 58,7 ± 9,8 kg and 1,63 ± 0,1 cm, higher in men; Average BMI 22,2 ± 3,7 kg / m2, similar in both sexes; 20% with Deficit, 55% Normal weight, 25% Overweight; 42,5% have HT; 10, Diabetes Mellitus 2 or Dyslipidemia. Breakfast: 75% arepa; 60% bread; 50% sausages; 40% coffee with milk; Lunch: 72,5% rice; 55% legumes; 47,5% pasta; 47,5% tubers; 35% fish; Dinner: 82,5% arepa; 62,5% bread; 52,5% pasta; 50% eggs and omelettes. Adequacy 79,2% in men and 98,5% in women; 7,5% smoke and 50% consume alcoholic beverages; 35% practice some physical activity Conclusions: height-weight relationship within the suggested range in both sexes; average fat area and adequate muscle area; 20% of men and 31,2% of women are overweight; women with higher risk due to chronic diseases and caloric intake below the requirement; consumption pattern shows low consumption of milk, vegetables and fruits. the implementation of a nutritional intervention program is necessary(AU)

Aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability of athletes combined with balanced nutrition / Capacidade de exercício aeróbico e anaeróbio de atletas combinada com nutrição equilibrada / Efectos combinados de una nutrición equilibrada en la capacidad de los atletas para realizar actividades aeróbicas

ABSTRACT Balanced nutrition is very important for athletes' health and competition performance, and balanced nutrition has become a hot topic in the sports industry. In this study, 30s anaerobic work test and maximal oxygen uptake test were used to test anaerobic exercise ability and aerobic exercise ability, respectively. Four groups were set up in the two test methods, and the corresponding functional test indexes, heart rate recovery index and blood lactic acid recovery value were determined. The anaerobic capacity test showed that the maximum power of male athletes in the experimental group had significant statistical difference before and after dietary balance management, and the fatigue index of female athletes in the experimental group had a significant downward trend. Five minutes and nine minutes after exercise, the blood lactic acid value of males in the experimental group was lower than before balanced nutrition. The aerobic capacity test showed that the exhaustion time of male athletes in the experimental group was significantly different before and after balanced nutrition. After the balanced nutrition, the blood lactic acid value of male athletes in the experimental group was lower than before the management immediately and nine minutes after exercise, and the heart rate value of the male athletes in the experimental group was far lower than before the management.

RESUMO Uma alimentação balanceada é muito importante para a saúde e o desempenho dos atletas em competições, tendo se tornado um tema bastante debatido no setor esportivo. Neste estudo, foram utilizados testes anaeróbios de 30 segundos e o teste captação máxima de oxigênio para testar a capacidade de exercício anaeróbio e a capacidade de exercício aeróbio, respectivamente. Foram criados quatro grupos nos dois métodos de teste, e foram determinados os índices de teste funcional, o índice de recuperação da frequência cardíaca e o valor de recuperação do ácido láctico no sangue. O teste de capacidade anaeróbia mostrou que a potência máxima dos atletas masculinos do grupo experimental apresentava diferença estatística significativa antes e depois da administração de alimentação balanceada, e o índice de fadiga dos atletas do grupo experimental apresentava uma tendência descendente significativa Cinco minutos e nove minutos após o exercício, o valor do ácido láctico no sangue dos homens do grupo experimental mostrou-se inferior ao valor anterior à alimentação balanceada. O teste de capacidade aeróbica mostrou que o tempo de esgotamento dos atletas masculinos no grupo experimental mostrou-se significativamente diferente antes e depois da administração de alimentação balanceada. Após a administração de alimentação balanceada, o valor do ácido láctico no sangue dos atletas masculinos no grupo experimental foi menor do que aquele antes da administração de alimentação balanceada imediatamente e nove minutos após o exercício, e o valor da frequência cardíaca dos atletas masculinos no grupo experimental foi muito menor do que o valor anterior à administração de alimentação balanceada.

RESUMEN Una alimentación balanceada es muy importante para la salud y el desempeño de los atletas en competencias, habiéndose vuelto un tema bastante debatido en el sector deportivo. En este estudio, fueron utilizados tests anaeróbicos de 30 segundos y el test de captación máxima de oxígeno para verificar la capacidad de ejercicio anaeróbico y la capacidad de ejercicio aeróbico, respectivamente. Fueron creados cuatro grupos en los dos métodos de test, y fueron determinados los índices de test funcional, el índice de recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca y el valor de recuperación del ácido láctico en la sangre. El test de capacidad anaeróbica mostró que la potencia máxima de los atletas masculinos del grupo experimental presentaba diferencia estadística significativa antes y después de la administración de alimentación balanceada, y el índice de fatiga de los atletas del grupo experimental presentaba una tendencia descendente significativa Cinco minutos y nueve minutos después del ejercicio, el valor del ácido láctico en la sangre de los hombres del grupo experimental se mostró inferior al valor anterior a la alimentación balanceada. El test de capacidad aeróbica mostró que el tiempo de agotamiento de los atletas masculinos en el grupo experimental se mostró significativamente diferente antes y después de la administración de alimentación balanceada. Después de la administración de alimentación balanceada, el valor del ácido láctico en la sangre de los atletas masculinos en el grupo experimental fue menor que aquel antes de la administración de alimentación balanceada inmediatamente y nueve minutos después del ejercicio, y el valor de la frecuencia cardíaca de los atletas masculinos en el grupo experimental fue mucho menor que el valor anterior a la administración de alimentación balanceada.

Vitamin e intake and food sources in adolescent diet: a cross-sectional population-based study / Consumo de vitamina e e fontes alimentares na dieta de adolescentes: um estudo transversal de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess vitamin E intake and its relationship with sociodemographic variables, and to identify the main dietary sources of the nutrient in the diet of adolescents. Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study that used data from 891 adolescents living in Campinas, SP, participating in ISACamp 2014/15 (Health Survey) and ISACamp-Nutri 2015/16 (Food Consumption and Nutritional Status Survey). The nutrient intake averages were estimated using the Generalized Linear Model, adjusted for the total energy of the diet. Dietary sources of vitamin E were identified from the calculation of the relative contribution. Results: The average vitamin E intake was 3.2 mg for adolescents aged 10 to 13 years and 3.5 mg for those aged 14 to 19 years, results far below the recommended values of 9 and 12 mg, respectively. The prevalence of inadequacy was 92.5%. ­Ten ­foods/­food groups represented 85.7% of vitamin E present in the adolescents' diet; the vegetable oils group accounted for more than a quarter of the contribution (25.5%), followed by cookies (9.1%) and beans (8.9%). Conclusions: There were a low intake and a high prevalence of inadequate vitamin E intake among adolescents in Campinas, with vegetable oil as the main source. For the total number of adolescents, almost 33% of the nutrient content was derived from foods of poor nutritional quality such as cookies, packaged snacks, and margarine. The results of this study can guide public health actions that aim to improve the quality of adolescents' diets.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão de vitamina E e sua relação com variáveis sociodemográficas, e identificar as principais fontes alimentares do nutriente na dieta de adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional que utilizou dados de 891 adolescentes residentes em Campinas, SP, participantes do ISACamp 2014/15 (Inquérito de Saúde) e ISACamp-Nutri 2015/16 (Inquérito de Consumo Alimentar e Estado Nutricional). As médias de ingestão do nutriente foram estimadas por meio de modelo linear generalizado, ajustado pela energia total da dieta. As fontes alimentares de vitamina E foram identificadas pelo cálculo de contribuição relativa. Resultados: A ingestão média de vitamina E foi de 3,2 mg para os adolescentes de 10 a 13 anos e de 3,5 mg para os de 14 a 19 anos, resultados bem inferiores aos valores recomendados de 9 e 12 mg, respectivamente. A prevalência de inadequação foi de 92,5%. Dez alimentos/grupos alimentares representaram 85,7% da vitamina E presente na dieta dos adolescentes; o grupo dos óleos vegetais totalizou mais de um quarto da contribuição (25,5%), seguido dos biscoitos (9,1%) e dos feijões (8,9%). Conclusões: Observou-se baixa ingestão e elevada prevalência de inadequação do consumo de vitamina E nos adolescentes de Campinas, apontando o óleo vegetal como principal fonte. Para o total de adolescentes, quase 33% do teor do nutriente derivava de alimentos de má qualidade nutricional como biscoitos, salgadinhos de pacote e margarina. Os resultados deste estudo podem direcionar ações de saúde pública que objetivem melhorar a qualidade da dieta dos adolescentes.

Carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet / Pegada de carbono da dieta no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To estimate the carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet and of sociodemographic strata of this population. METHODS: Carbon footprint of the diet was estimated based on data from two 24-hour diet records, obtained in 2008 and 2009, from a probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population aged 10 years and over (n = 34,003) and on environmental impact coefficients of food and culinary preparations consumed in Brazil (gCO2e/kg). Means with 95% confidence intervals of food consumption (kcal/person/day) and the carbon footprint of the diet (gCO2e/person/day and in gCO2e/2,000kcal) were calculated for the population as a whole and for strata according to sex, age, income, education, macro-regions and Federative Unit. Linear regression models were used to identify significant differences (p < 0.05) in the dietary carbon footprint of different sociodemographic strata. RESULTS: The average carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet was 4,489gCO2e/person/day. It was higher for males, for the age group from 20 to 49 years and for the North and Midwest regions, and tended to increase with income and education. The pattern of association of footprint with sociodemographic variables did not change substantially with adjustment for differences in the amount of food consumed, except for a reduction in the relative excess of the footprint among males and an increase in the relative excess of the footprint in the Midwest region. CONCLUSION: The carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet exceeds by about 30% the footprint of the human diet, which could simultaneously meet the nutritional requirements of a healthy diet and the global goal of containing the increase in the planet's average temperature. The pattern of association of this footprint with sociodemographic variables can help identify priority targets for public actions aimed at reducing the environmental impacts of food consumption in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estimar a pegada de carbono da dieta brasileira e de estratos sociodemográficos dessa população. MÉTODOS: A pegada de carbono da dieta foi estimada com base nos dados de dois registros alimentares de 24 horas, obtidos em 2008 e 2009, de uma amostra probabilística da população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (n = 34.003) e em coeficientes de impacto ambiental de alimentos e preparações culinárias consumidos no Brasil (gCO2e/kg). Médias com intervalos de confiança de 95% do consumo alimentar (kcal/pessoa/dia) e da pegada de carbono da dieta (gCO2e/pessoa/dia e em gCO2e/2.000kcal) foram calculadas para o conjunto da população e para estratos segundo sexo, idade, renda, escolaridade, macrorregiões e Unidade Federativa. Modelos de regressão linear foram utilizados para identificar diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) na pegada de carbono da dieta de diferentes estratos sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: A pegada média de carbono da dieta brasileira foi de 4.489gCO2e/pessoa/dia. Foi maior para o sexo masculino, para a faixa etária de 20 a 49 anos e para as regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste, e tendeu a aumentar com a renda e a escolaridade. O padrão de associação da pegada a variáveis sociodemográficas não se alterou substancialmente com o ajuste para diferenças na quantidade consumida de alimentos, exceto por uma redução no excesso relativo da pegada entre homens e pelo aumento no excesso relativo da pegada na região Centro-Oeste. CONCLUSÃO: A pegada de carbono da dieta brasileira excede em cerca de 30% a pegada da dieta humana que poderia atender, simultaneamente, os requisitos nutricionais de uma dieta saudável e a meta global de contenção do aumento da temperatura média do planeta. O padrão de associação dessa pegada às variáveis sociodemográficas pode auxiliar na identificação de alvos prioritários para ações públicas que visem a reduzir os impactos ambientais do consumo alimentar no Brasil.

Evolution of energy and nutrient intake in Brazil between 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 / Evolução da ingestão de energia e nutrientes no Brasil entre 2008-2009 e 2017-2018

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the evolution of energy and nutrient intake and the prevalence of inadequate micronutrients intakes according to sociodemographic characteristics and Brazilian regions. METHODS: The food consumption of 32,749 individuals from the National Dietary Survey of the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009 was analyzed by two food registries, as well as 44,744 subjects from two 24-hour recalls in 2017-2018. Usual intake and percentage of individuals with consumption below the average recommendation for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and zinc, vitamins A, C, D, E, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and cobalamin were estimated. Sodium intake was compared to the reference value to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Analyses were stratified by sex, age group, region and income. RESULTS: Mean daily energy intake was 1,753 kcal in 2008-2009 and 1,748 kcal in 2017-2018. The highest prevalence of inadequacy (> 50%) in the two periods were calcium; magnesium; vitamins A, D and E; pyridoxine and, only among adolescents, phosphorus. There was an increase in the prevalence of inadequate vitamin A, riboflavin, cobalamin, magnesium, and zinc among women, and riboflavin among men. The prevalence of inadequacy decreased for thiamine. Sodium intake was excessive in approximately 50% of the population in both periods. The highest variations (about 50%) in the prevalence of inadequacy between the lowest and highest income (< 0.5 minimum wage and > 2 minimum wages per capita) were observed for vitamin B12 and C in both periods. The North and Northeast regions had the highest prevalence of inadequacy. CONCLUSION: Both surveys found high prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake and excessive sodium intake. The inadequacy varies according to income strata, increasing in the poorest regions of the country.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução da ingestão de energia e nutrientes e a prevalência de inadequação da ingestão de micronutrientes segundo características sociodemográficas e regiões brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Foi analisado o consumo alimentar de 32.749 indivíduos do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009, por dois registros alimentares, e de 44.744 indivíduos a partir de dois recordatórios de 24 horas em 2017-2018. Estimaram-se a ingestão usual e o percentual de indivíduos com consumo abaixo da necessidade média para cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, cobre e zinco, vitaminas A, C, D, E, tiamina, riboflavina, piridoxina e cobalamina. A ingestão de sódio foi comparada ao valor de referência para reduzir risco de doenças crônicas. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, região e renda. RESULTADOS: A ingestão energética diária média foi de 1.753 kcal em 2008-2009 e 1.748 kcal em 2017-2018. As prevalências de inadequação mais elevadas (> 50%) nos dois períodos foram de cálcio, magnésio, vitaminas A, D e E, piridoxina e, somente entre adolescentes, fósforo. Houve aumento na prevalência de inadequação de vitamina A, riboflavina, cobalamina, magnésio e zinco entre as mulheres, e de riboflavina entre os homens. A prevalência de inadequação diminuiu para a tiamina. A ingestão de sódio foi excessiva em aproximadamente 50% da população nos dois períodos. As variações mais altas (cerca de 50%) nas prevalências de inadequação entre os extremos de renda (< 0,5 salário-mínimo e > 2 salários-mínimos per capita) foram observadas para vitamina B12 e C nos dois períodos. As regiões Norte e Nordeste apresentaram maiores prevalências de inadequação. CONCLUSÃO: Ambos os inquéritos verificaram prevalências elevadas de inadequação de ingestão de nutrientes e consumo excessivo de sódio. A inadequação varia de acordo com os estratos de renda, aumentando nas regiões mais pobres do país.

Diet and supplement assessment in a Brazilian urban population

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess total usual nutrient intakes from foods and dietary supplements by age, sex, physical activity, and nutritional status, and to compare usual nutrient intakes to the Dietary Reference Intakes among non-users and users of dietary supplements in an urban population. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based survey with 506 adults conducted in the city of Brasília, Brazil, using 24h food recalls. The 24-HR was collected on two nonconsecutive days, for which individuals reported all food, supplements, and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours. The estimates of mean and the distribution percentiles were adjusted to reflect usual nutrient intake using the Iowa State University method. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated according to sex using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and values above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) were also considered. Also, a comparison was made of the total mean usual intake between supplement users and non-users according to BMI and physical activity. RESULTS: The total mean usual dietary intake was significantly higher among users than non-users of dietary supplements (p ≤ 0.02). Dietary supplement use increased intakes of nutrients and decreased prevalence of inadequacy according to sex, with only small (typically < 13%) increases in the population exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. There was a significant interaction between physical activity and BMI categories with supplement use. CONCLUSIONS: The population that consumes food supplements comprises individuals with more advanced age, female, normal BMI, and physically active. Our findings show that the use of supplements appears beneficial to attain nutrient adequacy. Careful monitoring of intake from food and supplements is recommended, and the statistical methods must be powerful enough to achieve relevant information.

La importancia de la lactancia materna en odontología / The importance of breastfeeding in dentistry

La lactancia materna juega un papel fundamental en el niño recién nacido (desde una mirada interdisciplinar, en cuanto a lo nutricional, lo psicoemocional, e incluso a nivel de las estructuras craneofaciales) tanto en el crecimiento como en el desarrollo. La leche materna es el primer alimento natural de los niños, proporciona toda la energía y los nutrientes que necesitan durante sus primeros meses de vida y sigue aportándoles, al menos, la mitad de sus necesidades nutricionales durante la segunda mitad del primer año y hasta un tercio durante el segundo año de vida. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos una revisión bibliográfica sobre los beneficios que tiene la leche materna para el/la bebe recién nacido y la importancia que tiene el amamantamiento del/la bebe a nivel psicológico, médico y, sobre todo, odontológico (AU)

Breastfeeding plays a fundamental role in the newborn child, both in growth and development from an interdisciplinary perspective, in the nutritional, psycho-emotional, in addition to the level of the craniofacial structures. Breast milk is the first natural food for children, provides all the energy and nutrients they need during their first months of life and continues to provide at least half of their nutritional needs during the second half of the first year and up to a third during the second year of life. This work aims at a bibliographic review on the benefits of breast milk in the newborn baby and the importance of breastfeeding the baby on a psychological, medical and especially dental level (AU)

Anthropometric and dietary assessment of patients with glycogenosis type i / Avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipo i

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform anthropometric and dietary evaluation of patients with glycogenosis type Ia and Ib. Methods: This cross-sectional study is composed of a sample of 11 patients with glycogenosis divided into two subgroups according to the classification of glycogenosis (type Ia=5 and type Ib=6), aged between 4 and 20 years. The analyzed anthropometric variables were weight, height, body mass index, and measures of lean and fat body mass, which were compared with reference values. For dietary assessment, a food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate energy and macronutrients intake as well as the amount of raw cornstarch consumed. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: Patients ingested raw cornstarch in the amount of 0.49 to 1.34 g/kg/dose at a frequency of six times a day, which is lower than recommended (1.75-2.50 g/kg/dose, four times a day). The amount of energy intake was, on average, 50% higher than energy requirements; however, carbohydrate intake was below the adequacy percentage in 5/11 patients. Short stature was found in 4/10 patients; obesity, in 3/11; and muscle mass deficit, in 7/11. There were no statistical differences between the subgroups. Conclusions: In patients with glycogenosis type I, there was deficit in growth and muscle mass, but no differences were found between the subgroups (Ia and Ib). Although the diet did not exceed the adequacy of carbohydrates, about 1/3 of the patients presented obesity, probably due to higher energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipos Ia e Ib. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto de uma amostra de 11 pacientes com glicogenose divididos em dois subgrupos de acordo com a classificação da glicogenose (tipo Ia=5; tipo Ib=6), com idades entre 4 e 20 anos. As variáveis antropométricas analisadas foram peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal e medidas de massa magra e gorda, que foram comparadas com valores de referência. Para avaliação dietética, foi utilizado um questionário de frequência alimentar para cálculo de ingestão de energia e macronutrientes, além da quantidade de amido cru ingerida. Realizaram-se testes U de Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os pacientes ingeriram amido cru na quantidade de 0,49 a 1,34 g/kg/dose na frequência de seis vezes ao dia, inferior à dosagem preconizada (1,75-2,50 g/kg/dose quatro vezes ao dia). A quantidade de energia consumida foi, em média, 50% a mais que as necessidades, contudo o consumo de carboidratos foi abaixo da porcentagem de adequação em 5/11 pacientes. Baixa estatura ocorreu em 4/10 pacientes, obesidade em 3/11 e déficit de massa muscular em 7/11. Não houve diferença estatística entre os subgrupos. Conclusões: Em pacientes com glicogenose tipo I, houve déficit de crescimento e de massa muscular, mas não diferença significante entre os subgrupos (Ia e Ib). Embora a dieta não tenha ultrapassado a adequação de carboidratos, 1/3 dos pacientes apresentou obesidade, provavelmente pela maior ingestão de energia.

Recomendaciones para los equipos que gestionan los comedores escolares en la emergencia sanitaria de COVID-19 en Argentina / Recommendations for the teams that manage school canteens in the public health emergency of COVID-19 in Argentina

El impacto de la pandemia causada por el COVID-19 puede profundizar las situaciones de malnutrición, donde será necesario adaptar los programas alimentarios a este nuevo contexto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar la metodología y los principales resultados del proceso de formulación de una guía federal basada en la evidencia científica y adaptada a la realidad de la población infanto-juvenil que asiste a los comedores escolares de las 24 jurisdicciones de Argentina. Se observó que las modalidades de implementación de CE durante la pandemia fueron: módulos alimentarios (la más frecuente); módulos alimentarios entregados en la escuela con sostenimiento del CE regular y, viandas y/o refrigerios entregados diariamente. Existió escasa evidencia a nivel global y regional sobre recomendaciones específicas aplicadas a la implementación de CE, aunque se encontraron recomendaciones sobre higiene y manipulación de alimentos. A partir de un proceso participativo entre actores claves se obtuvieron recomendaciones específicas según las dimensiones de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (SAN). Se concluye que resulta necesario aumentar las experiencias participativas en el diseño de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, adaptadas al territorio y que asuman un enfoque integral desde las dimensiones de la SAN(AU)

The impact of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 may deepen the situations of malnutrition, where it will be necessary to adapt food programs to this new context. The objective of this work was to present the methodology and the main results of the process of formulating a federal guide based on scientific evidence and adapted to the reality of the child and adolescent population that attend school canteens in the 24 jurisdictions of Argentina. It was observed that the modalities for the implementation of SC during the pandemic were: food modules (the most frequent); food modules delivered at school with regular SC support and, food and/or snacks delivered daily. There was little evidence at the global and regional level on specific recommendations applied to the implementation of SC, although recommendations on hygiene and food handling were found. Based on a participatory process among key actors, specific recommendations were obtained according to the dimensions of food and nutrition security (FNS). It is concluded that it is necessary to increase participatory experiences in the design of recommendations based on evidence, adapted to the territory and that assume a comprehensive approach from the dimensions of FNS(AU)

Sistema de porciones de intercambio de alimentos en Chile y el mundo: historia, usos y consideraciones / Food portion exchange lists in Chile and the world: history, uses and considerations

El sistema de porciones de intercambio es una metodología sencilla y rápida que se utiliza para entregar indicaciones alimentarias a usuarios sanos y con patologías. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para actualizar conceptos y evaluar la vigencia de su uso y sus aplicaciones. El sistema es ampliamente usado en diferentes países, incluyendo Chile, existiendo distintos tipos de listas de alimentos y preparaciones según la metodología de la definición de las porciones, o bien según diversidad y número de alimentos presentes. Su uso es mayormente con fines asistenciales, siendo también útil en educación comunitaria y docencia. En Chile, los listados de porciones intercambiables fueron publicados el año 1999 y no se han actualizado hasta la fecha. Razones como el cambio en el perfil epidemiológico, mayor acceso a la información y la diversificación de alimentos en la dieta, hace necesario una revisión in extenso de los listados nacionales, con el fin de incorporar mayor diversidad de alimentos y preparaciones típicas a tan masiva y necesaria herramienta técnica, que es fundamental para el profesional Nutricionista y un aporte a la salud y a la cultura de los países.

The food portion exchange list is a simple and fast methodology that is used to give dietary indications to healthy and sick users. A review was carried out to update concepts and evaluate the current state of the exchange list used and their application. The system is widely used in different countries, including Chile, there are different types of foods or preparations exchange lists that use different methodologies for the definition of portions, according to the diversity and number of foods present. Its use is mainly for healthcare purposes, being also useful in community education and college teaching. In Chile, the food portion exchange lists were published in 1999 and have not been updated since. Reasons such as the change in the epidemiological profile, greater access to information and the diversification of foods in the diet, make necessary an in-depth review of the national lists, in order to incorporate a greater diversity of foods and typical preparations. Exchange lists are a necessary technical tool fundamental for nutrition professionals and contribute to the health and culture of countries.

Balance energético y estado nutricional en niños preescolares, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014 / Energy balance and nutritional state in preschool children, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014

Introducción: El balance energético equilibrado en el organismo humano permite mantener un estado nutricional y de salud adecuado, ingestas excesivas o por defecto modifican la homeostasis y producen enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre balance energético y estado nutricional en niños de instituciones educativas del distrito de Huanchaco, departamento La Libertad, Perú. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal en 203 niños de 3 a 5 años en el periodo abril-junio 2014. Se evaluó el estado nutricional con los índices talla/edad, peso/edad, peso/talla usando estándares de crecimiento infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2006. El balance energético se midió con la adecuación de energía ingerida respecto a su requerimiento energético estimado, expresado en porcentaje. Se aplicó la prueba estadística Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significancia de 5 por ciento. Resultados: Los índices para evaluar el estado nutricional fueron predominante normales. El balance energético para niños y niñas de 3 años fue 123,75 ± 46,97 por ciento y 125,82 ± 13,01 por ciento de su requerimiento respectivamente; en niños y niñas de 4 años fue de 109,90 ± 23,17 por ciento y 104,69 ± 20,96 por ciento, respectivamente y finalmente en niños de 5 años fue 105,15 ± 24,97 por ciento y en las niñas un balance energético negativo de 86,39 ± 11,99 por ciento. Existe asociación altamente significativa (p < 0,01) entre estado nutricional y balance energético. Conclusiones: El balance energético con tendencia positiva predispone hacia la obesidad para los índices peso/talla y peso/edad y el equilibrado o positivo condicionan un estado nutricional normal según talla/edad(AU)

Introduction: The balanced energy state in the human body allows maintaining a nutritional and health status; excessive or small intakes of food modify the homeostasis and produce diseases. Objective: To determine the association between energy balance and nutritional state in children from educational institutions of Huanchaco District, La Libertad, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out in 203 children from 3 to 5 years old in the period from April to June 2014. It was assessed the nutritional state with the indexes height/age, weight/age, weight/height using child growth standards of the World Health Organization 2006. The energy balance was measured with the adequacy of energy intake in relation to their estimated energy requirement, expressed as a percentage. Chi-square statistical test was applied with a significance level of 5 percent . Results: The indexes to assess the nutritional state were predominantly normal. The energy balance for boys and girls of 3 years old was 123.75 ± 46.97 percent and 125.82 ± 13.01 percent of their requirement respectively; in children of 4 years old it was 109.90 ± 23.17 percent and 104.69 ± 20.96 percent, respectively; and finally in 5 years old boys it was 105.15 ± 24.97 percent and in girls a negative energy balance of 86.39 ± 11.99 percent. There is a highly significant association (p< 0.01) between the nutritional state and the energy balance. Conclusions: The energy balance with positive trend predisposes toward obesity for the indexes weight/height and weight/age, and the balanced or positive condition to a normal nutritional state according to height/age(AU)

Medición de inseguridad alimentaria-nutricional, hambre y estrategias de afrontamiento de niños y adolescentes en Medellín-Colombia / Measurement of food-nutrition insecurity, hunger and coping strategies in children and adolescents in Medellin-Colombia

La inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y hambre afectan a 820 millones de personas en el mundo, 187 millones en América Latina y el Caribe, 18,5 millones en Latinoamérica con más severas crisis humanitarias y a más de la mitad de la población en Colombia. En niños y adolescentes la IA ha sido poco estudiada en Colombia, en parte por ausencia de instrumentos válidos y confiables. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la validez y confiabilidad de escalas que miden la IA y las estrategias de afrontamiento (EA) ante la falta de alimentos en niños y adolescentes. Estudio transversal (n=4051) realizado en Medellín-Colombia que midió la IA (10 ítemes) y EA (9 ítemes) con instrumentos desarrollados previamente. Se utilizó SPSS v21 para realizar análisis de componentes principales (ACP), validez y confiabilidad. Siete de cada 10 niños se preocupan por la falta de alimentos. El ACP de instrumento IA arrojó dos componentes: 1. cantidad, calidad y preocupación; 2. episodios de hambre, que explican 57 % de varianza. El ACP de las EA explica 43 % de varianza. Los instrumentos de IA y EA poseen una buena confiabilidad (α-Cronbach's de 0,78 y 0,82). El instrumento de IA se validó comparándolo con la talla para la edad, que arrojó una asociación inversa y significativa entre baja talla y la seguridad alimentaria. Esta investigación es la primera en evidenciar que la problemática de IA está presente en los niños y adolescentes de Medellín. Los instrumentos de IA y EA utilizados resultaron ser altamente válidos y confiables(AU)

Food insecurity (FI) and hunger affected 820 million people in the world, 187 million in Latin America and the Caribbean, 18.5 million in Latin America lived the worst severe food crises, and more than half of the Colombian population live with FI. FI in children and adolescents has been little measure, partly due to absence of valid and reliable instruments in Colombia. The aim of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of the FI and coping strategies (CS) tools in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional study (n = 4051) carried out in Medellín-Colombia. A 10-ítemes scale is used to measure FI and 9-ítemes scale capture the CS. SPSS v21 program was used to analyze data. Principal component analysis (PCA), validity and reliability were applied. Seven out of 10 children mentioned they were worry for FI. PCA showed two main components of FI: 1. Related with quantity, quality and worry about food; 2. Hunger episodes, that explain 57% of variance. PCA of the CS scale resulted in one component that explains 43% of variance. FI and CS instruments resulted in good reliability (α-Cronbach 0.78; 0.82). FI instrument was validated by comparing it with height-for-age indicator, which showed an association between stunting (low height-for-age) and food insecurity. This study is the first to show that children and adolescents living in Medellín are facing FI and CS. The FI and CS scales used were found to be highly valid and reliable(AU)